Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Abstract

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) commonly
presents with hematemesis (vomiting of blood or
coffee-ground like material) and/or melena (black,
tarry stools). In comparison, hematochezia (bright
red or maroon colored blood or fresh clots per
rectum) is usually a sign of a lower GI source
(defined as distal to the ligament of Treitz).
Although helpful, the distinctions based upon stool
color are not absolute since melena can be seen with
proximal lower GI bleeding, and hematochezia can
1, 2, 3
be seen with massive upper GI bleeding.
In this article we will review the etiology, approach to
patient with UGI bleed, diagnostic studies, and the
various treatment options for various causes of
UGIB.