Frequency of Vitamin D Deficiency and associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51273/esc23.2519220Keywords:
Vitamin D levels, pregnant women, Body mass indexAbstract
Objectives: To assess the frequency of deficiency of vitamin D and associated factor among gravid women following up at antenatal clinic of social security hospital, Gujranwala
Method: It was a cross-sectional study carried out at antenatal clinic social security hospital, Gujranwala. Total 100 pregnant females who were on follow-up visits and gave consent were enrolled in this study through a non-probability purposive sampling technique. A semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire with anthropometric measurements and blood sample for vitamin D levels assessment was used to collect data and analysis was performed through SPSS version 23
Results: Among one hundred participants, two participants had deficient levels, 41 had insufficient and 57 had sufficient levels of vitamin D. Study participants had mean age of 28.8 ± 4.23 years. Mean duration of marriage and gestational period were 6.49 ± 4.0 years and 30.49 ± 10.49 weeks respectively. The mean vitamin D level was 29.9 ± 8.1ng/ml. Complaints such as backache, leg cramps, fatigue, gravidity, parity and low systolic Blood pressure were significantly associated with insufficient/low vitamin D levels.
Conclusion: Deficiency of vitamin D is high in study participants hence need based supplementation to gravid women is suggested.
References
Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin. Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics. 2012 Apr;3(2):118.
Millen AE, Meyers KJ, Liu Z, Engelman CD, Wallace RB, LeBlanc ES, Tinker LF, Iyengar SK, Robinson JG, Sarto GE, Mares JA. Association between Vitamin D status and age-related macular degeneration by genetic risk. JAMA ophthalmology. 2015 Oct 1;133(10):1171-9.
Alshishtawy MM. Vitamin D deficiency: this clandestine endemic disease is veiled no more. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2012 May;12(2):140.
Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is Vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2014 Oct 1;144:138-45.
Cai Z, Zhang Q, Xia Z, Zheng S, Zeng L, Han L, Yan J, Ke P, Zhuang J, Wu X, Huang X. Determination of serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D status among population in southern China by a high accuracy LC-MS/MS method traced to reference measurement procedure. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2020 Dec;17(1):1-3
Nimitphong H, Holick MF. Vitamin D status and sun exposure in Southeast Asia. Dermato-endocrinology. 2013 Jan 1;5(1):34-7.
Sampat N, Al-Balushi B, Al-Subhi L, Al-Adawi S, Essa MM, Qoronfleh MW. Vitamin D: Public Health Status Regional Gulf Region. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases. 2019 Oct 1;9(4):117.
Kaushal M, Magon N. Vitamin D in pregnancy: A metabolic outlook. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2013 Jan;17(1):76.
Curtis EM, Moon RJ, Harvey NC, Cooper C. Maternal Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. British medical bulletin. 2018 Jun 1;126(1):57-77.
Hong-Bi S, Yin X, Xiaowu Y, Ying W, Yang X, Ting C et al. High prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and its relationship with adverse pregnancy outcomes in Guizhou, China. Journal of International Medical Research. 2018 Nov;46(11):4500-5
Aji AS, Yerizel E, Desmawati, Lipoeto NI. The association between lifestyle and maternal Vitamin D during pregnancy in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018; 27(6): 1286–93
Hanieh S, Ha TT, Simpson JA, Thuy TT, Khuong NC, Thoang DD, et al. Maternal Vitamin D status and infant outcomes in rural Vietnam: a prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(6):e99005.
Pratumvinit B, Wongkrajang P, Wataganara T, Hanyongyuth S, Nimmannit A, Chatsiricharoenkul S, et al. Maternal Vitamin D status and its related factors in pregnant women in Bangkok, Thailand. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7):e0131126.
Larqué E, Morales E, Leis R, Blanco-Carnero JE. Maternal and foetal health implications of Vitamin D status during pregnancy. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2018;72(3):179-92.
Cesareo R, Attanasio R, Caputo M, Castello R, Chiodini I, Falchetti A, Guglielmi R, Papini E, Santonati A, Scillitani A, Toscano V. Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) and Italian Chapter of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) position statement: clinical management of Vitamin D deficiency in adults. Nutrients. 2018 May;10(5):546.
Bassil D, Rahme M, Hoteit M, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in the Middle East and North Africa: Prevalence, risk factors and impact on outcomes. Dermatoendocrinol 2013; 5: 274–298.
Wang XY, Liu LM, Li YF. Effect of Vitamin D deficiency among urban pregnant women on their neonates in Xi'an. Chinese Journal of Woman and Child Health Research 2012; 23: 20-22
Xie EF, Jiang L, Xu J, et al. Differences in the levels of serum 25 - hydroxyl Vitamin D of pregnant women in winter and summer in nanjing area. Chinese Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2013; 16: 100–101
Muhammad Tahir J, Kalthom A. Fashion: Malaysian muslim women perspective. Eur Sci J. 2015; 438-54
Woon FC, Chin YS, Ismail IH, Batterham M, Latiff AH, Gan WY et al. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women. PloS one. 2019;14(6).
Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Mohamadkhani M, Asemi Z, et al. High Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci. 2018; 43(2):125–39
Parlak M, Kalay S, Kalay Z, Kirecci A, Guney O & Koklu E. Severe Vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in Turkey, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine.2015. 28:5, 548-551
Çuhacı-Çakır B, Demirel F. Effects of seasonal variation and maternal clothing style on Vitamin D levels of mothers and their infants. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 2014 Sep 1;56(5).
Halicioglu O, Aksit S, Koc F, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their neonates in spring time in western Turkey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26:53–60.
Andersen LB, Abrahamsen B, Dalga ̊rd C, et al. Parity and tanned white skin as novel predictors of Vitamin D status in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:333-41.
